To become a naturalized U.S. citizen, applicants must complete a multi-step process that includes submitting an application, attending a biometrics appointment, passing an interview with English and civics tests, and taking the Oath of Allegiance. Once naturalized, citizens must provide specific documentation—primarily their Certificate of Naturalization (Form N-550 or N-570)—to access citizenship benefits like applying for a U.S. passport, updating Social Security records, or registering to vote. The process emphasizes in-person verification, with most applications requiring physical submission at authorized facilities.

Key requirements for naturalized citizens include:

• Primary evidence of citizenship: Original Certificate of Naturalization (Form N-550/N-570) and a photocopy must be submitted for services like passport applications ^[2][5].
• In-person applications: First-time passport applicants must appear in person at designated facilities (e.g., Post Offices, county offices) with completed Form DS-11, proof of identity, and a passport photo ^[3][4][7].
• Biometrics and interviews: During naturalization, applicants undergo fingerprinting, photo capture, and an interview testing English proficiency and U.S. civics knowledge ^[6].
• Fees and processing times: Passport applications cost $130 plus a $35 execution fee for adults, with routine processing taking 6–8 weeks (expedited: 2–3 weeks for an additional fee) ^[5][10].

Naturalization and Post-Citizenship Requirements

Steps to Become a Naturalized U.S. Citizen

The naturalization process is structured into clear phases, each requiring specific documentation and actions. Applicants begin by submitting Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization) alongside supporting documents, followed by biometrics collection and an interview. The final step is attending the Oath of Allegiance ceremony, after which citizens receive their Certificate of Naturalization—a critical document for proving citizenship status.

• Application submission: Review instructions for Form N-400, gather required documents (e.g., green card, passport-style photos, proof of residency), and pay the $725 filing fee (including biometrics) ^[6]. Applicants must demonstrate continuous residence in the U.S. for at least 5 years (or 3 years if married to a U.S. citizen) and physical presence for at least 30 months ^[6].
• Biometrics appointment: After USCIS accepts the application, applicants receive a notice for fingerprinting, photo capture, and signature collection. Required documents include the appointment notice, green card, and a secondary ID (e.g., driver’s license) ^[6].
• Interview and testing: The naturalization interview assesses English language skills (speaking, reading, writing) and knowledge of U.S. history/government through a civics test. Applicants must answer 6 out of 10 civics questions correctly and demonstrate basic English proficiency ^[6]. Failure to pass requires retesting within 60–90 days.
• Oath of Allegiance: Upon approval, applicants attend a ceremony to take the oath, officially becoming U.S. citizens. The Certificate of Naturalization (Form N-550 or N-570) is issued at this ceremony and serves as primary proof of citizenship ^[2][6].

Post-naturalization, citizens are encouraged to update their Social Security records, register to vote, and apply for a U.S. passport using their certificate ^[2]. The certificate must be presented in original form for these processes, along with a photocopy for retention ^[2][5].

Applying for a U.S. Passport as a Naturalized Citizen

Naturalized citizens must follow strict procedures to obtain a U.S. passport, which serves as both a travel document and secondary proof of citizenship. The process mandates in-person applications, original documentation, and adherence to photo/fee requirements.

• Required documents: Applicants must submit:
• Form DS-11: Completed but unsigned until instructed at the appointment ^[3][9].
• Proof of citizenship: Original Certificate of Naturalization (Form N-550/N-570) and a photocopy ^[2][5]. This is the only accepted document for naturalized citizens; birth certificates or green cards are insufficient.
• Proof of identity: Valid government-issued ID (e.g., driver’s license, state ID) and a photocopy ^[3][4].
• Passport photo: Must meet State Department standards (2x2 inches, white background, no glasses/headwear unless for religious reasons) ^[3][7].
• Application process:
• Schedule an appointment at an authorized facility (e.g., Post Office, county clerk’s office, or passport agency). Walk-ins are rarely accepted ^[7][10].
• Submit documents in person, including payment for fees: $130 application fee + $35 execution fee for adults (total $165) ^[5][10]. Children under 16 pay $100 + $35.
• Processing times vary: 6–8 weeks for routine service, 2–3 weeks for expedited (additional $60 fee) ^[5][10]. Emergency appointments are available for travel within 72 hours ^[7].
• Special considerations:
• Lost certificates: If the Certificate of Naturalization is lost, citizens must file Form N-565 with USCIS to request a replacement before applying for a passport ^[2].
• Name changes: If the name on the certificate differs from current legal documents, applicants must provide proof of the name change (e.g., marriage certificate, court order) ^[3].
• Minors: Children under 16 require both parents’ consent and documentation (e.g., birth certificate, parents’ IDs) ^[7].

Naturalized citizens gain access to over 180 visa-free travel destinations with a U.S. passport, but the application process demands precision. Errors—such as unsigned forms, incorrect photos, or missing photocopies—can delay processing or result in rejection ^[5][9].